Build a house - Earth Works ( Excavation,Filling and compacting - grading- Termite Control )

Filling and Compacting

Materials:Materials for fill and backfill shall be as hereinbefore specified, obtained from the required excavation on Site, if acceptable, or from borrow sources.

Suitable excavated material for fill and backfill shall be approved by the Engineer. Material, which is suitable for use as fill under exterior slabs and paving and for backfill, shall be separated from material, which is only suitable for general grading.

Provide additional material, if required, at no additional cost to the Employer. Acceptable borrow shall consist of suitable material as hereinbefore specified. Representative samples of each type of borrow material considered suitable shall be delivered to the Engineer for approval.

Place fill materials in horizontal loose layers in such manner as to produce a uniform thickness of material. Placement shall start in the deepest area and progress approximately parallel to the finished grade. Thickness of layers after compacting shall not exceed 200 mm for cohesive soils or 30 mm for cohesion less soils.

1.No fill material shall be placed on areas where free water is standing or on surfaces, which have not been approved by the Engineer.

Compact each layer of fill with equipment to achieve the following percentages of maximum density at optimum moisture content when tested in accordance with ASTM D1557:

                        LOCATION                                                                  % MAX. DENSITY

                        Under Isolated and Continuous Footings.                              95

                        Under Paved Areas and Kerbs.                                               95

                        Under Mat Slabs and Slabs on Grade.                                    95

                        General Grading.                                                                    90

Do not compact soil when the moisture content varies more than 3% from the optimum moisture content. Maintain moisture content by wetting or drying manipulation. Suspend compacting operations when satisfactory results cannot be obtained because of rain or other unsatisfactory conditions.

In lieu of drying by manipulation, hydrated lime, monohydrated lime, or similar beneficial ingredients may be used to reduce the moisture content, reduce the plasticity index, or improve workability. Apply such ingredients in a manner and quantity as recommended by the manufacturer or as required by the Government Testing Station and approved by the Engineer.

Compacting

A.General Compaction:

1. Compact filling after grading and levelling surfaces.

2. Compact filling in layers, adding any necessary extra fill and water, to attain the minimum dry densities as tabulated in the table appended at the end of this Section.

3. Compact filling using vibratory plate, roller or other approved equipment, making the required number of passes with the equipment to obtain specified densities.   Each trip of equipment shall overlap the previous trip by 500mm.

4.Confine compaction operations to areas adequate in size for establishing an orderly pattern of compaction.

Compacting equipment requirements vary from contract to contract. A list

of the types of compactors which are most commonly used include:

1) Three wheel roller

2) Smooth drum vibrator roller

3) Vibratory tamping roller

4) Static tamping roller or sheepsfoot

5) Crawler-tread equipment or bulldozer

6) Mechanical tamps or vibrators

Testing of Sub grade and Fill Layers:Sub grades and fill layers shall be approved by the Government Testing Station and the Engineer before construction of any further work thereon. Tests of sub grades and fill layers shall be taken as follows:

1.The top 300 mm of sub grade resulting from excavation shall have the maximum density at optimum moisture as hereinbefore specified. In fill areas, each layer of fill shall meet the required density as hereinbefore specified. Make at least one (1) field density test of the sub grade for every two hundred square meters (200 M2) of isolated and continuous footings, paved area, or slabs on grade, but in no case less than three (3) tests. In each compacted fill layer, make one (1) field density test for every overlaying two hundred square meters (200 M2) of isolated and continuous footings, paved area or slabs on grade, but in no case less than three (3) tests. Perform field density tests in accordance with ASTM D1556 or ASTM D2167.

2.At foundation wall backfill take at least three (3) field density tests (ASTM D1556 or ASTM D2167) at locations and elevations as directed by the Engineer.

Destiny test tools

Destiny Test report

Grading

Excavation is followed by grading which involves leveling of the excavated surface. The surface is filled with the excavated soil leaving behind the unsuitable materials. A specific slope is also given such as foundation, surface drainage, base course for road or railway and for landscape and garden improvements.

The filling of holes or ties to form a gravel lot or grade crossing is also known as grading. The soil or material used for filling is known as ‘grade dirt’. Final procedure involves hauling which involves transferring the debris from construction site to the dumping site. Hauling is a much needed process since the debris obtained after demolition, excavation and grading needs to be dumped to proper dumping site in order to avoid obstructions from debris on the construction site.

The process of demolition, excavation, grading and hauling is done by contractors. The contractors providing these services possess heavy equipments required for these processes. The contractors are hired for demolishing, excavating, grading and hauling services for residential, commercial and civil engineering projects. These contractors also provide Bob Cat services which includes use of heavy equipments used for construction. Normally a bulldozer is used for demolishing enormous structures. Heavy equipments like bulldozers, hydraulic attachments such as breaker, grapple or an auger, loaders and compacts are used while excavation works.

The equipments used in these processes need proper training in order to complete the work efficiently and safely. Improper and untrained workforce to maneuver these equipments can result in accidents and can even cost lives.

Final Grading:

 Grade the top surface of filling after compaction to give a uniform surface within specified tolerances (+ 3 cm)

Fix Axis and project Corners

Total station Device

Levelling Device

Termite Control

Termites are a group of eusocial insects that, until recently, were classified at the taxonomic rankof order Isoptera (see taxonomy below), but are now accepted as the epifamily Termitoidae, of the cockroach order Blattaria. While termites are commonly known, especially in Australia, as "white ants," they are not closely related to true ants.

This is a treatment that protects the buildings by creating a chemical seal barrier between the soil and the building floor so that no termites will enter the building from below the ground.

The surface area between the ground beams , before concrete is poured it is treated by power spraying the entire area with the anti termite chemicals.

Materials

A. Toxicant Chemical:  Water based emulsion, uniform composition, synthetic dye to permit visual identification of treated soil, of the generic chemical chlordane, aldrin or dieldrin.

MIX DILUTION

A. Dilute toxicant chemical aldrin or dieldrin to a 0.5 percent solution.

B. Dilute toxicant chemical chlordane to a one percent solution.

Application

A. Apply toxicant immediately prior to installation of slab-on-grade or finish grading outside foundation walls.

B.Apply toxicant in accordance with manufacturer's instructions.

C. Apply toxicant to soil at the following rates, using metered applicator:

        1. Under floor slabs-on-grade: 5 litres/m².

        2. Both sides of foundation wall 6 litres/linear metre/300 mm depth of soil backfilling.

D. Apply extra treatment to structure penetrations, pipe, ducts and other soil penetrations.

E. Apply as a coarse spray to ensure uniform distribution.

F.Coordinate soil treatment at foundation perimeter with finish grading and landscaping work to avoid disturbance of treated soil.

References-01

References-02

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